Official data Source: US Census Bureau international trade data
Track this productBars and rods of iron or nonalloy steel, not elsewhere specified
In short
- The US imported $8.0M of this product over the 12 months to August 2026, down 52% on the year before.
- China is the largest supplier, with 37.9% of US imports; Canada is next, with 32.5%.
- China has the lowest price, but landed at a US port with freight and duty India is cheaper: $1.59/kg against $1.79/kg.
- Duty paid averaged 55.9% of the value of imports in August 2026, up 2.0 points on a year earlier.
- China is gaining share: 44.8% over the last 12 months, up from 22.5%.
- 5 Federal Register notices named this product's tariff codes in the last 12 months.
US imports, Aug 2026
$819K
↓ −55% vs Aug 2025
Last 12 months
$8.0M
↓ −52% vs the 12 months before
Average duty paid
55.9%
↑ +2.0 pts vs Aug 2025
Top supplier
China
37.9% of US imports
US imports by month
The last 13 months, so the same month a year ago is on the left. August 2026 is highlighted. Dotted lines mark lasting changes in duty paid, labelled with the supplier, or "Duty" when several moved; the tariff timeline lists each one with its notices.
Show the numbers
| Month | US imports |
|---|---|
| August 2025 | $1.8M |
| September 2025 | $1.1M |
| October 2025 | $820K |
| November 2025 | $564K |
| December 2025 | $752K |
| January 2026 | $929K |
| February 2026 | $635K |
| March 2026 | $372K |
| April 2026 | $542K |
| May 2026 | $438K |
| June 2026 | $626K |
| July 2026 | $490K |
| August 2026 | $819K |
What changed
- US imports were $819K in August 2026, up 67% from July 2026 and down 55% from August 2025.
- Over the 12 months to August 2026 they totalled $8.0M, down 52% on the 12 months before.
- Biggest moves in market share since July 2026: Canada up from 10.7% to 32.5%, France down from 20.4% to 0.0%.
- Average price from India fell 40% since July 2026, to $0.83/kg.
- Duty paid on imports from Romania fell from 21.9% to 0.0% of their value since July 2026.
- Duty paid on imports from Mexico rose from 34.6% to 44.2% of their value since July 2026.
US trade by year
US imports were $8.0M in the 12 months to Aug 2026, down 51% on the 12 months to Aug 2017. US exports were $37.9M, down 1.6%. Dotted lines mark lasting changes in duty paid, labelled with the supplier, or "Duty" when several moved; the tariff timeline lists each one with its notices.
Show the numbers
| Period | US imports |
|---|---|
| 12 months to Aug 2017 | $16.3M |
| 12 months to Aug 2018 | $19.6M |
| 12 months to Aug 2019 | $14.8M |
| 12 months to Aug 2020 | $10.5M |
| 12 months to Aug 2021 | $15.6M |
| 12 months to Aug 2022 | $19.8M |
| 12 months to Aug 2023 | $21.7M |
| 12 months to Aug 2024 | $22.0M |
| 12 months to Aug 2025 | $16.7M |
| 12 months to Aug 2026 | $8.0M |
- China
- Canada
- India
- Romania
- All countries
Show the numbers
| Period | China | Canada | India | Romania |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 months to Aug 2017 | 42.3% | 8.7% | 5.8% | 4.3% |
| 12 months to Aug 2018 | 37.0% | 5.6% | 3.7% | 3.3% |
| 12 months to Aug 2019 | 39.5% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 4.2% |
| 12 months to Aug 2020 | 31.4% | 13.6% | 2.8% | 12.3% |
| 12 months to Aug 2021 | 23.8% | 12.0% | 1.3% | 7.1% |
| 12 months to Aug 2022 | 26.0% | 10.4% | 1.3% | 5.2% |
| 12 months to Aug 2023 | 17.0% | 8.3% | 0.5% | 10.6% |
| 12 months to Aug 2024 | 21.4% | 13.2% | 0.4% | 16.5% |
| 12 months to Aug 2025 | 22.5% | 19.3% | 3.0% | 14.1% |
| 12 months to Aug 2026 | 44.8% | 15.6% | 10.3% | 8.8% |
Show the numbers
| Period | China | Canada | India | Romania | All countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 months to Aug 2017 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 12 months to Aug 2018 | 7.1% | 5.4% | 6.5% | 3.1% | 6.5% |
| 12 months to Aug 2019 | 24.8% | 12.2% | 24.1% | 12.3% | 22.6% |
| 12 months to Aug 2020 | 28.2% | 0.0% | 23.3% | 23.8% | 20.3% |
| 12 months to Aug 2021 | 26.9% | 0.0% | 24.7% | 24.9% | 19.3% |
| 12 months to Aug 2022 | 26.3% | 0.0% | 24.6% | 13.4% | 13.7% |
| 12 months to Aug 2023 | 25.8% | 0.0% | 23.4% | 2.7% | 9.5% |
| 12 months to Aug 2024 | 27.1% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 0.7% | 7.4% |
| 12 months to Aug 2025 | 59.6% | 11.3% | 25.0% | 3.8% | 23.2% |
| 12 months to Aug 2026 | 74.1% | 44.8% | 50.7% | 8.5% | 53.6% |
| Period | US imports | Duty paid | US exports |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12 months to Aug 2026 | $8.0M−52% | 53.6%+30.4 pts | $37.9M−5.4% |
| 12 months to Aug 2025 | $16.7M−24% | 23.2%+15.7 pts | $40.0M−24% |
| 12 months to Aug 2024 | $22.0M+1.6% | 7.4%−2.1 pts | $52.5M−0.5% |
| 12 months to Aug 2023 | $21.7M+9.7% | 9.5%−4.2 pts | $52.8M+2.2% |
| 12 months to Aug 2022 | $19.8M+27% | 13.7%−5.6 pts | $51.6M+35% |
| 12 months to Aug 2021 | $15.6M+49% | 19.3%−1.0 pts | $38.3M+38% |
| 12 months to Aug 2020 | $10.5M−29% | 20.3%−2.3 pts | $27.9M−34% |
| 12 months to Aug 2019 | $14.8M−25% | 22.6%+16.1 pts | $42.5M+1.6% |
| 12 months to Aug 2018 | $19.6M+20% | 6.5%+6.5 pts | $41.9M+8.7% |
| 12 months to Aug 2017 | $16.3M | 0.0% | $38.5M |
Who supplies the US
August 2026. Small figures under each value are the change from August 2025. Landed cost by origin, below, adds freight and duty to the price.
| Country | US imports | Share | Average price | Duty paid | Last 13 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | $310K | 37.9%+24.2 pts | $0.92/kg+2.7% | 74.5%−20.5 pts | |
| Canada | $266K | 32.5%+22.4 pts | $2.59/kg+72% | 50.0%+9.0 pts | |
| India | $72K | 8.8%new | $0.83/kg | 50.0% | |
| Mexico | $64K | 7.8%+7.5 pts | $2.29/kg−87% | 44.2%+44.2 pts | |
| Japan | $43K | 5.2%new | n/a | n/a | |
| Romania | $30K | 3.7%+2.6 pts | $1.54/kg−2.7% | 0.0%0.0 pts | |
| Germany | $18K | 2.1%+2.0 pts | $1.97/kg−94% | 7.7%−42.4 pts | |
| Spain | $9K | 1.1%+0.9 pts | $7.51/kg+595% | 0.0%0.0 pts | |
| Italy | $7K | 0.9%−1.2 pts | $1.01/kg−36% | 50.0%+6.6 pts | |
| All countries | $819K | 100.0% | $1.31/kg+39% | 55.9%+2.0 pts |
The 3 largest suppliers had 70.7% of US imports over the last 12 months.
Landed cost by origin
What importers paid to land this product at a US port from each main supplier, June–August 2026: the price, freight and insurance to the first US port, and duty, per unit. Suppliers with 3% or more of these imports, cheapest landed first. Small figures under landed cost are the change from the same months a year earlier.
- Price
- Freight and insurance
- Duty
| Country | Price | Freight and insurance | Duty | Landed cost | Make-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | $1.00/kg | $0.09/kg8.7% of price | $0.50/kg50.0% of price | $1.59/kg−40% | |
| China | $0.97/kg | $0.10/kg10.1% of price | $0.72/kg73.9% of price | $1.79/kg−0.4% | |
| Romania | $1.67/kg | $0.16/kg9.8% of price | $0.13/kg7.6% of price | $1.97/kg−27% | |
| Canada | $2.50/kg | $0.03/kg1.1% of price | $1.19/kg47.4% of price | $3.71/kg+50% | |
| Mexico | $2.94/kg | $0.19/kg6.5% of price | $1.20/kg40.7% of price | $4.32/kg−87% | |
| France | $5.16/kg | $0.44/kg8.5% of price | $2.58/kg50.0% of price | $8.18/kg+399% | |
| All countries | $1.48/kg | $0.11/kg7.3% of price | $0.81/kg54.7% of price | $2.40/kg+33% |
Landed at a US port, India was cheapest, at $1.59/kg: 11.5% below China.
China had the lowest price before freight and duty, $0.97/kg, but they added 84.0% to it.
Landed cost from France rose 399% on a year earlier, to $8.18/kg, mostly on price: $1.06/kg then, $5.16/kg now.
How the market is shifting
China gained the most share: 44.8% of US imports over the last 12 months, up from 22.5% in the 12 months before. Mexico lost the most: 4.9%, down from 20.1%. The charts show September 2024 to August 2026 for the 4 largest suppliers over the last 12 months. Dotted lines mark lasting changes in duty paid, labelled with the supplier, or "Duty" when several moved; the tariff timeline lists each one with its notices.
- China
- Canada
- India
- Romania
- All countries
Show the numbers
| Month | China | Canada | India | Romania |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| September 2024 | 22.0% | 18.5% | 0.0% | 23.4% |
| October 2024 | 18.5% | 20.4% | 1.8% | 20.0% |
| November 2024 | 22.3% | 22.6% | 8.7% | 12.2% |
| December 2024 | 9.6% | 12.8% | 3.9% | 12.0% |
| January 2025 | 20.9% | 19.1% | 0.9% | 18.0% |
| February 2025 | 28.8% | 31.2% | 1.1% | 33.8% |
| March 2025 | 34.3% | 30.8% | 11.4% | 4.3% |
| April 2025 | 37.1% | 20.5% | 6.1% | 15.7% |
| May 2025 | 29.1% | 19.9% | 0.3% | 20.3% |
| June 2025 | 36.8% | 25.9% | 4.6% | 0.3% |
| July 2025 | 42.4% | 24.7% | 0.0% | 11.9% |
| August 2025 | 13.7% | 10.0% | 0.0% | 1.1% |
| September 2025 | 40.3% | 10.7% | 23.4% | 9.2% |
| October 2025 | 48.3% | 20.0% | 2.7% | 8.1% |
| November 2025 | 65.3% | 11.6% | 3.4% | 8.6% |
| December 2025 | 55.7% | 17.8% | 0.3% | 11.8% |
| January 2026 | 61.3% | 9.6% | 3.0% | 17.4% |
| February 2026 | 25.4% | 13.7% | 22.7% | 3.0% |
| March 2026 | 49.4% | 16.2% | 19.7% | 0.0% |
| April 2026 | 26.9% | 21.0% | 29.6% | 0.0% |
| May 2026 | 43.1% | 6.2% | 0.0% | 31.4% |
| June 2026 | 45.0% | 13.3% | 5.7% | 4.6% |
| July 2026 | 31.2% | 10.7% | 4.4% | 6.4% |
| August 2026 | 37.9% | 32.5% | 8.8% | 3.7% |
Show the numbers
| Month | China | Canada | India | Romania | All countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| September 2024 | 27.4% | 0.0% | n/a | 0.0% | 6.5% |
| October 2024 | 46.3% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 0.0% | 14.5% |
| November 2024 | 50.0% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 0.0% | 13.3% |
| December 2024 | 41.6% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 0.8% | 6.5% |
| January 2025 | 42.5% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 0.0% | 9.3% |
| February 2025 | 43.5% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 0.0% | 13.9% |
| March 2025 | 65.8% | 0.8% | 25.0% | 0.0% | 26.6% |
| April 2025 | 69.7% | 18.6% | 25.0% | 2.4% | 34.6% |
| May 2025 | 65.7% | 20.7% | 25.0% | 17.6% | 33.6% |
| June 2025 | 89.5% | 42.1% | 25.0% | 50.0% | 49.4% |
| July 2025 | 80.3% | 48.0% | n/a | 40.9% | 60.1% |
| August 2025 | 95.0% | 41.0% | n/a | 0.0% | 53.8% |
| September 2025 | 92.3% | 45.0% | 50.0% | 19.2% | 61.9% |
| October 2025 | 93.7% | 50.0% | 50.0% | 0.0% | 62.1% |
| November 2025 | 83.1% | 50.0% | 50.0% | 0.0% | 65.3% |
| December 2025 | 64.1% | 47.8% | 50.0% | 0.0% | 50.6% |
| January 2026 | 57.8% | 50.0% | 51.9% | 8.6% | 45.8% |
| February 2026 | 77.1% | 48.4% | 58.9% | 12.0% | 51.7% |
| March 2026 | 53.6% | 50.0% | 50.0% | n/a | 49.0% |
| April 2026 | 69.3% | 23.1% | 45.5% | n/a | 42.3% |
| May 2026 | 67.6% | 0.0% | n/a | 13.7% | 39.8% |
| June 2026 | 75.0% | 41.5% | 50.0% | 0.0% | 56.5% |
| July 2026 | 70.8% | 43.5% | 50.0% | 21.9% | 50.0% |
| August 2026 | 74.5% | 50.0% | 50.0% | 0.0% | 55.9% |
Tariff actions touching this product
When the duty paid on this product changed and stayed changed, for its main suppliers and all countries, newest first, with the Federal Register notices that named the product in the 3 months before. Rates are medians of the 4 months either side, less any usual seasonal swing. A change shows what happened to duty paid, not why; read each notice for what it did.
- May–June 2026 · Duty paid: China 63.9% → 72.5%, all countries 45.5% → 55.9%.
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From the Republic of Korea: Final Results and Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2023-2024
- Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar From Mexico and the Republic of Türkiye: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Order and Countervailing Duty Order
- December 2025–January 2026 · Duty paid: China 92.9% → 61.4%, all countries 62.0% → 47.6%.
- Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Brazil and Mexico: Amended Final Antidumping Duty Determination; Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, the Republic of Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Antidumping Duty Orders
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Countervailing Duty Orders
- Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam; Determinations
- April–May 2025 · Duty paid: China 43.4% → 74.9%, Canada 0.4% → 41.6%, all countries 20.2% → 51.4%.
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Amended Preliminary Affirmative Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From the Republic of Türkiye: Amended Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value
- Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam; Scheduling of the Final Phase of Countervailing Duty and Antidumping Duty Investigations
- October 2024 · Duty paid: China 27.1% → 44.7%.
- Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, the Republic of Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations
- February 2024 · Duty paid: all countries 4.9% → 10.9%.
- February–April 2022 · Duty paid: Spain 25.0% → 0.0%, all countries 21.0% → 10.4%.
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Taiwan: Final Results of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Final Determination of No Shipments; 2019-2020
- Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products of Brazil: Final Results of the Expedited First Sunset Review of the Countervailing Duty Order
- Certain Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products of Brazil: Final Results of the Expedited First Sunset Review of the Countervailing Duty Order
- May 2021 · Duty paid: Turkey 7.4% → 23.5%.
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Taiwan: Final Results of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Final Determination of No Shipments; 2018-2019
- Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products From the Republic of Korea: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2018-2019
- Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From the People's Republic of China: Final Determination of No Shipments in the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2018-2019
- January 2020 · Duty paid: Spain 16.1% → 25.0%.
- Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar From the Republic of Turkey: Final Results of the Expedited First Sunset Review of the Countervailing Duty Order
- Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2017-2018
- Certain Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products From the United Kingdom: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2017-2018
- July 2019 · Duty paid: Spain 25.0% → 14.8%.
- Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar From Mexico: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2016-2017
- Certain Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products From the United Kingdom: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2017-2018
- Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Flat Products From Japan: Notice of Initiation and Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances Review
- April–July 2018 · Duty paid: China 0.9% → 24.8%, France 0.0% → 25.0%, Spain 0.0% → 25.0%, all countries 0.4% → 22.5%.
- Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar From Mexico: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2015-2016
- Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar From the Republic of Turkey: Final Results and Partial Rescission of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review; 2015
- 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-Diphosphonic Acid From the People's Republic of China; Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products From Japan; Hydrofluorocarbon Blends From the People's Republic of China; Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube From the People's Republic of China: Opening of Scope Segments and Opportunity To Comment
Federal Register notices from the last 12 months that list this product's tariff codes. A notice can add a duty, exclude products from one or only mention them, so read each for what it changes. Search the Federal Register for 7215.90
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From the Republic of Korea: Final Results and Rescission, in Part, of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2023-2024
- Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bar From Mexico and the Republic of Türkiye: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Order and Countervailing Duty Order
- Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Brazil and Mexico: Amended Final Antidumping Duty Determination; Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, the Republic of Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Antidumping Duty Orders
- Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Countervailing Duty Orders
- Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products From Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam; Determinations
Where it enters the US
Main ports of entry over the 12 months to August 2026: US imports and share.
Where US exports go
US exports were $3.9M in August 2026, up 19% from August 2025, and $37.9M over the last 12 months, down 5.4% on the 12 months before. Fastest-growing market with 3% or more of US exports: Mexico, up 14%.
| Market | Last 12 months | Share | vs 12 months before |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | $18.9M | 50.0% | −19% |
| Mexico | $14.7M | 38.7% | +14% |
| Italy | $581K | 1.5% | +34% |
| Germany | $450K | 1.2% | +1.5% |
| Korea, South | $450K | 1.2% | +70% |
| New Zealand | $320K | 0.8% | +21% |
| Cayman Islands | $237K | 0.6% | −40% |
| Dominican Republic | $200K | 0.5% | +54% |
| Other countries (43) | $2.0M | 5.4% | +46% |
| All countries | $37.9M | 100.0% | −5.4% |
Markets abroad
Each country's own import figures for this product, from UN Comtrade: the 8 biggest importers outside the US in the latest year each has reported, what they bought from the US, and the change from the year before. Values usually include freight and insurance to the importer's border, so they run a little above US export figures. Countries report a year or more late; 122 have reported 2025 so far.
| Market | Imports | vs year before | From the US | US share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore | $121.9Min 2025 | +74% | $42K | 0.0% |
| Germany | $57.2Min 2025 | +3.0% | $193K | 0.3% |
| Canada | $31.9Min 2025 | −16% | $21.2M | 66.5% |
| Korea, South | $20.6Min 2025 | −4.4% | $428K | 2.1% |
| Bahrain | $20.0Min 2024 | +1.6% | $0 | 0.0% |
| Poland | $18.5Min 2025 | +26% | $94K | 0.5% |
| Australia | $16.4Min 2025 | −13% | $138K | 0.8% |
| Turkey | $15.4Min 2025 | −4.3% | $15K | 0.1% |
The biggest market outside the US is Singapore, which imported $121.9M of this product in 2025, under 0.1% of it from the US.
The US supplies 66.5% of imports into Canada, but under 10% into Singapore, Germany and South Korea.
Of these, imports into Singapore grew fastest: up 74% from 2024 to 2025.
Related products
Other products under heading 7215: bars and rods of iron or nonalloy steel not elsewhere specified. US trade over the 12 months to August 2026.
| Product | US imports | US exports |
|---|---|---|
| Bars and rods of iron or nonalloy steel, not further worked than cold-formed or cold-finished, not elsewhere specifiedHS 7215.50 | $31.6M | $60.3M |
| Bars and rods of free-cutting nonalloy steel, old-formed or cold-finishedHS 7215.10 | $38.1M | $17.7M |
About these figures
- Source: US Census Bureau international trade data, not seasonally adjusted, in US dollars. Retrieved November 3, 2026.
- US imports are general imports at customs value, which excludes freight and insurance. Exports are at free-alongside-ship value.
- Average price is customs value divided by quantity (kilograms), across all of the product's 10-digit lines.
- Duty paid is the duty Census calculates on each country's imports for consumption, as a share of their value. It moves with tariff changes, exemptions and the mix of goods within the product.
- Landed cost adds Census's import charges (freight, insurance and other costs of bringing the goods to the first US port) and calculated duty to the customs value, per unit, across the product's 10-digit lines. It leaves out antidumping and countervailing duties, customs fees and transport inland. Prices are averages across the goods within the code, so a lower one can mean cheaper goods, not the same goods for less.
- Markets abroad are each country's imports as it reports them to UN Comtrade, in US dollars, usually including freight and insurance. Countries report a year or more late and in their own edition of the HS codes, so one still on an older edition is missing for codes that changed in 2022.
- Tariff notices are from the Federal Register, matched to this product by the HTS numbers in their text.
- Census revises recent months, so figures can change slightly. These are estimates for research and planning, not customs or legal advice.