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Official data Source: US Census Bureau international trade data Data through August 2026 · updated monthly

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HS 2939.59

Theophylline and aminophylline (excluding fenetylline) and their derivatives; salts thereof, not elsewhere specified

In short

  • The US imported $2.9M of this product over the 12 months to August 2026, down 20% on the year before.
  • South Africa is the largest supplier, with 63.2% of US imports; Germany is next, with 29.7%.
  • Germany is the cheapest main supplier before and after freight and duty, landing at $24.96/kg.
  • Duty paid averaged 0.0% of the value of imports in August 2026.
  • China is gaining share: 41.9% over the last 12 months, up from 29.6%.
  • 4 Federal Register notices named this product's tariff codes in the last 12 months.

US imports, Aug 2026

$43K

Last 12 months

$2.9M

↓ −20% vs the 12 months before

Average duty paid

0.0%

Top supplier

South Africa

63.2% of US imports

US imports by month

The last 13 months, so the same month a year ago is on the left. August 2026 is highlighted.

Aug2025SepOctNovDecJan2026FebMarAprMayJunJulAug
Show the numbers
MonthUS imports
August 2025$0
September 2025$39K
October 2025$306K
November 2025$178K
December 2025$485K
January 2026$38K
February 2026$479K
March 2026$321K
April 2026$259K
May 2026$476K
June 2026$172K
July 2026$70K
August 2026$43K

What changed

  • US imports were $43K in August 2026, down 38% from July 2026.
  • Over the 12 months to August 2026 they totalled $2.9M, down 20% on the 12 months before.
  • Biggest moves in market share since July 2026: South Africa up from 0.0% to 63.2%, Italy down from 52.1% to 0.0%.
  • Average price from India rose 267% since July 2026, to $122.80/kg.
  • Duty paid by the main suppliers held within 2 points of July 2026.

US trade by year

US imports were $2.9M in the 12 months to Aug 2026, up 291% on the 12 months to Aug 2017. US exports were $205K, down 47%.

2017201820192020202120222023202420252026
Show the numbers
PeriodUS imports
12 months to Aug 2017$734K
12 months to Aug 2018$597K
12 months to Aug 2019$1.4M
12 months to Aug 2020$1.6M
12 months to Aug 2021$1.2M
12 months to Aug 2022$1.1M
12 months to Aug 2023$2.7M
12 months to Aug 2024$6.2M
12 months to Aug 2025$3.6M
12 months to Aug 2026$2.9M
  • China
  • India
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • All countries
Share of US imports
Show the numbers
PeriodChinaIndiaItalyGermany
12 months to Aug 201717.4%4.6%61.9%15.8%
12 months to Aug 201837.1%9.2%39.9%13.2%
12 months to Aug 201966.4%8.3%18.4%6.1%
12 months to Aug 202017.0%11.3%25.9%44.9%
12 months to Aug 202174.4%3.5%9.1%12.5%
12 months to Aug 202256.8%15.1%15.7%10.9%
12 months to Aug 202344.0%24.5%15.2%13.6%
12 months to Aug 202455.7%27.3%8.3%2.8%
12 months to Aug 202529.6%58.5%11.3%0.5%
12 months to Aug 202641.9%38.1%13.3%5.6%
Duty paid, % of value
Show the numbers
PeriodChinaIndiaItalyGermanyAll countries
12 months to Aug 20170.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20180.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20190.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20200.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20210.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20220.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20230.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20240.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
12 months to Aug 20251.6%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.5%
12 months to Aug 20265.4%0.0%0.0%0.0%2.3%
PeriodUS importsDuty paidUS exports
12 months to Aug 2026$2.9M−20%2.3%+1.8 pts$205K−10.0%
12 months to Aug 2025$3.6M−42%0.5%+0.5 pts$227K−3.2%
12 months to Aug 2024$6.2M+127%0.0%0.0 pts$235K−56%
12 months to Aug 2023$2.7M+139%0.0%0.0 pts$536K+161%
12 months to Aug 2022$1.1M−8.0%0.0%0.0 pts$206K−5.6%
12 months to Aug 2021$1.2M−21%0.0%0.0 pts$218K−43%
12 months to Aug 2020$1.6M+15%0.0%0.0 pts$383K+99%
12 months to Aug 2019$1.4M+130%0.0%0.0 pts$192K−24%
12 months to Aug 2018$597K−19%0.0%0.0 pts$254K−34%
12 months to Aug 2017$734K0.0%$385K

Who supplies the US

August 2026. Small figures under each value are the change from August 2025. Landed cost by origin, below, adds freight and duty to the price.

CountryUS importsShareAverage priceDuty paidLast 13 months
South Africa$27K63.2%new$5,465/kg0.0%
Germany$13K29.7%new$23.31/kg0.0%
India$3K7.1%new$122.80/kg0.0%
All countries$43K100.0%$74.51/kg0.0%

The 3 largest suppliers had 93.3% of US imports over the last 12 months.

Landed cost by origin

What importers paid to land this product at a US port from each main supplier, June–August 2026: the price, freight and insurance to the first US port, and duty, per unit. Suppliers with 3% or more of these imports, cheapest landed first. Small figures under landed cost are the change from the same months a year earlier.

  • Price
  • Freight and insurance
  • Duty
CountryPriceFreight and insuranceDutyLanded costMake-up
Germany$23.37/kg$1.59/kg6.8% of price$0.00/kg0.0% of price$24.96/kg−52%
India$35.68/kg$1.28/kg3.6% of price$0.00/kg0.0% of price$36.95/kg−50%
Italy$81.00/kg$2.73/kg3.4% of price$0.00/kg0.0% of price$83.73/kg−2.8%
China$101.08/kg$1.01/kg1.0% of price$0.00/kg0.0% of price$102.09/kg−35%
South Africa$5,465/kg$1.00/kg0.0% of price$0.00/kg0.0% of price$5,466/kg
All countries$60.59/kg$1.67/kg2.8% of price$0.00/kg0.0% of price$62.26/kg−22%

Landed at a US port, Germany was cheapest, at $24.96/kg: 32.4% below India.

Landed cost from Germany fell 52% on a year earlier, to $24.96/kg, mostly on price: $37.90/kg then, $23.37/kg now.

How the market is shifting

China gained the most share: 41.9% of US imports over the last 12 months, up from 29.6% in the 12 months before. India lost the most: 38.1%, down from 58.5%. The charts show September 2024 to August 2026 for the 4 largest suppliers over the last 12 months.

  • China
  • India
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • All countries
Share of US imports
Show the numbers
MonthChinaIndiaItalyGermany
September 202461.2%38.8%0.0%0.0%
October 202486.3%13.7%0.0%0.0%
November 202421.5%78.5%0.0%0.0%
December 2024n/an/an/an/a
January 202519.7%80.3%0.0%0.0%
February 202548.4%21.4%0.0%0.0%
March 20259.2%8.2%82.6%0.0%
April 202510.3%89.7%0.0%0.0%
May 202530.8%69.2%0.0%0.0%
June 20256.5%69.9%0.0%23.6%
July 202550.8%8.3%40.9%0.0%
August 2025n/an/an/an/a
September 202532.0%61.8%0.0%6.2%
October 2025100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
November 202510.7%0.0%84.1%5.2%
December 202511.9%86.5%0.0%1.6%
January 202654.5%45.5%0.0%0.0%
February 20262.7%85.6%10.9%0.0%
March 202659.4%14.6%0.0%25.9%
April 202648.0%44.1%0.0%7.9%
May 202676.2%5.1%18.7%0.0%
June 202654.4%0.0%30.6%15.0%
July 20260.0%47.9%52.1%0.0%
August 20260.0%7.1%0.0%29.7%
Duty paid, % of value
Show the numbers
MonthChinaIndiaItalyGermanyAll countries
September 20240.0%0.0%n/an/a0.0%
October 20240.0%0.0%n/an/a0.0%
November 20240.0%0.0%n/an/a0.0%
December 2024n/an/an/an/an/a
January 20250.0%0.0%n/an/a0.0%
February 202510.0%0.0%n/an/a4.8%
March 202520.0%0.0%0.0%n/a1.8%
April 20250.0%0.0%n/an/a0.0%
May 202520.0%0.0%n/an/a6.2%
June 202520.0%0.0%n/a0.0%1.3%
July 202520.0%0.0%0.0%n/a10.2%
August 2025n/an/an/an/an/a
September 202510.9%0.0%n/a0.0%3.5%
October 202519.1%n/an/an/a19.1%
November 20250.0%n/a0.0%0.0%0.0%
December 20256.8%0.0%n/a0.0%0.8%
January 20261.9%0.0%n/an/a1.0%
February 20263.8%0.0%0.0%n/a0.1%
March 20260.0%0.0%n/a0.0%0.0%
April 20260.0%0.0%n/a0.0%0.0%
May 20260.0%0.0%0.0%n/a0.0%
June 20260.0%n/a0.0%0.0%0.0%
July 2026n/a0.0%0.0%n/a0.0%
August 2026n/a0.0%n/a0.0%0.0%

Tariff actions touching this product

Federal Register notices from the last 12 months that list this product's tariff codes. A notice can add a duty, exclude products from one or only mention them, so read each for what it changes. Search the Federal Register for 2939.59

Where it enters the US

Main ports of entry over the 12 months to August 2026: US imports and share.

  1. Newark, NJ$1.1M · 39.3%
  2. Los Angeles, CA$704K · 24.6%
  3. Philadelphia International Airport, PA$291K · 10.2%
  4. Long Beach, CA$289K · 10.1%
  5. Jfk International Airport, NY$212K · 7.4%

Where US exports go

US exports were $35K in August 2026, down 66% from August 2025, and $205K over the last 12 months, down 10.0% on the 12 months before. Fastest-growing market with 3% or more of US exports: Brazil, up 1457%.

MarketLast 12 monthsSharevs 12 months before
Brazil$45K21.9%+1457%
Mexico$38K18.3%−67%
India$32K15.6%+801%
Japan$20K9.6%+35%
Canada$18K9.0%−5.6%
China$13K6.3%−58%
Germany$10K4.9%+20%
Indonesia$8K3.8%−71%
Other countries (7)$21K10.5%new
All countries$205K100.0%−10.0%

Markets abroad

Each country's own import figures for this product, from UN Comtrade: the 8 biggest importers outside the US in the latest year each has reported, what they bought from the US, and the change from the year before. Values usually include freight and insurance to the importer's border, so they run a little above US export figures. Countries report a year or more late; 77 have reported 2025 so far.

MarketImportsvs year beforeFrom the USUS share
Italy$7.5Min 2025+27%$00.0%
Korea, South$5.2Min 2025+12%$7K0.1%
India$4.6Min 2025+17%$1770.0%
Taiwan$4.2Min 2024−24%$11K0.3%
Germany$4.0Min 2025+73%$36K0.9%
Egypt$3.6Min 2025−15%$00.0%
Pakistan$3.4Min 2025−12%$00.0%
Spain$3.4Min 2025+8.5%$9280.0%

The biggest market outside the US is Italy, which imported $7.5M of this product in 2025, none of it from the US.

Of these, imports into Germany grew fastest: up 73% from 2024 to 2025.

Other products under heading 2939: vegetable alkaloids, natural or synthetic, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives. US trade over the 12 months to August 2026.

ProductUS importsUS exports
Alkaloids, of vegetal origin, not elsewhere specifiedHS 2939.79$252.0M$11.6M
Caffeine and its saltsHS 2939.30$129.6M$24.0M
Concentrates of poppy straw; buprenorphine (inn), codeine, dihydrocodeine (inn), ethlymorphone, etorphine morphine & othr specified alkolides of opiumHS 2939.11$119.3M$13.6M
Alkaloids of opium and their derivatives, slats thereof, not elsewhere specifiedHS 2939.19$35.7M$49.9M
Alkaloids, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and toher derivatives, not elsewhere specifiedHS 2939.80$15.2M$2.0M
Pseudoephedrine and their saltsHS 2939.42$9.7M$135K
Alkaloids of rye ergot and their derivatives; salts thereof, not elsewhere specifiedHS 2939.69$4.8M$662K
Alkaloids of cinchona and their derivatives; salts thereofHS 2939.20$3.6M$273K
About these figures
  • Source: US Census Bureau international trade data, not seasonally adjusted, in US dollars. Retrieved November 3, 2026.
  • US imports are general imports at customs value, which excludes freight and insurance. Exports are at free-alongside-ship value.
  • Average price is customs value divided by quantity (kilograms), across all of the product's 10-digit lines.
  • Duty paid is the duty Census calculates on each country's imports for consumption, as a share of their value. It moves with tariff changes, exemptions and the mix of goods within the product.
  • Landed cost adds Census's import charges (freight, insurance and other costs of bringing the goods to the first US port) and calculated duty to the customs value, per unit, across the product's 10-digit lines. It leaves out antidumping and countervailing duties, customs fees and transport inland. Prices are averages across the goods within the code, so a lower one can mean cheaper goods, not the same goods for less.
  • Markets abroad are each country's imports as it reports them to UN Comtrade, in US dollars, usually including freight and insurance. Countries report a year or more late and in their own edition of the HS codes, so one still on an older edition is missing for codes that changed in 2022.
  • Tariff notices are from the Federal Register, matched to this product by the HTS numbers in their text.
  • Census revises recent months, so figures can change slightly. These are estimates for research and planning, not customs or legal advice.

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